Artículos sobre Defensa, Armamento y Fuerzas Armadas extensos, rigurosos, independientes y de calidad contrastada.
The protection of critical marine and submarine infrastructure
Critical infrastructures are no longer concentrated solely on dry land. A growing portion of the energy we consume, the data we exchange, and the military capacity we project depends on pipelines, cables, ports, and naval bases situated under or alongside the water surface. The underwater domain, discreet and difficult to monitor, has become a privileged stage for strategic competition and operations in the so-called «Grey Zone», where the line between accident, sabotage, and act of war blurs dangerously. This particularly affects Spain, a country situated at the crossroads between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, which concentrates a significant number of these infrastructures, thereby multiplying both their relevance and their exposure. Throughout the following article, we analyse the evolution of threats and the impact of tactics in the Grey Zone, we discuss the main marine and underwater critical infrastructures of interest to us, and we explore how detection and protection systems