Russian information warfare

Much more than fake news

Concepts such as disinformation, fake news, troll, bot, hack&leak o hybrid warfare have become popular among analysts, commentators, academics or politicians around the world after observing Russian interventions in Crimea, Ukraine or Syria or their influence activities in the 2016 US presidential elections. Since then, many scholars and disseminators have used these ideas to define all those activities related to the use and exploitation of the virtual environment carried out by the Kremlin to project its strategic influence under the threshold of armed conflict. A space that today is known as the “gray zone”, and that can be defined as the continuum that separates peace from open war.

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